Agren JJ, Tormala ML, Nenonen MT, Hanninen OO (1995) "Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans." Lipids, vol. 30, pp. 365-369.

Aiello L (1992) "Body size and energy requirements." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41-45.

Aiello LC, Wheeler P (1995) "The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution." Current Anthropology, vol. 36, pp. 199-221.

Albert M, Mathan V, Baker S (1980) "Vitamin B-12 synthesis by human small intestinal bacteria." Nature, vol. 283, pp. 781-782.

Allman WF (1994) The Stone Age Present, Simon and Schuster, New York.

Altar T (date unknown--may be 1994) "What might be the 'natural' diet of human beings?" Available on Internet at: http://arrs.envirolink.org/ar-voices/natural_diet.html.

Anapol F, Lee S (1994) "Morphological adaptation to diet in platyrrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 94, pp. 239-261.

Anderson GJ, Connor WE, Corliss JD (1990) "Docosahexaenoic acid is the preferred dietary n-3 fatty acid for the development of the brain and retina." Pediatric Research, vol. 27, pp. 89-97.

Anderson G, Connor W (1994) "Accretion of n-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina of chicks fed a low linolenic acid diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59, pp. 1338-1346.

Ansell GB (1973) "Historical introduction." In: Form and Function of Phospholipids, eds. Ansell GB, Hawthore JN, Dawson RMC; Elsevier Scientific Publishing, New York. (pp. 1-8)

Armstrong BK, Brown JB, Clarke HT, Crooke DK, Hahnel R, Masarel JR, Ratajczak T (1981) "Diet and reproductive hormones: a study of vegetarian and nonvegetarian postmenopausal women." Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 67, pp. 761-767.

Baker S (1981) "Contribution of the microflora of the small intestine to the vitamin B-12 nutriture of man (letter)." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 39, pp. 147-148.

Bannerjee DK, Chatterjea JB (1963) "Vitamin B-12 content of some articles of Indian diets and effect of cooking on it." British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 17, pp. 385-389.

Bar-Sella P, Rakover Y, Ratner D (1990) "Vitamin B12 and folate levels in long-term vegans." Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 26, pp. 309-312.

Berglas A (1957) Cancer: Nature, Cause and Cure. Institute Pasteur, Paris.

Biesalski H (1997) "Bioavailability of vitamin A." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 51 (suppl 1), pp. S71-S75.

Blass EM (1987) "Opioids, sweets, and a mechanism for positive affect: broad motivational implications." In: Sweetness, ed. Dobbing J; Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 115-126.

Bjorkman L, Mottett K, Nylander M, Vahter M, Lind B, Friberg L (1995) "Selenium concentrations in the brain after exposure to methylmercury: relations between the inorganic mercury fraction and selenium." Archives of Toxicology, vol. 69, pp. 228-234 (abstract).

Boesch C, Tomasello M (1998) "Chimpanzee and human cultures." Current Anthropology, vol. 39, pp. 591-614.

Bonkovsky H, Ponka P, Bacor B, Drysdale J, Tavill A (1996) "An update on iron metabolism: summary of the Fifth International Conference on Disorders of Iron Metabolism." Hepatology, vol. 24, pp. 718-729 (abstract).

Brace CL, Smith SL, Hunt KD (1991) "What big teeth you had Grandma! Human tooth size, past and present." In: Advances in Dental Anthropology, eds. Kelley MA, Larsen CS; Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 33-57.

Brown E, Micozzi M, Craft N, Bieri J, Beecher G, Edwards B, Rose A, Taylor P, Smith Jr. J (1989) "Plasma carotenoids in normal men after a single ingestion of vegetables or purified beta-carotene." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 49, pp. 1258-1265.

Butynski TM (1982) "Vertebrate predation by primates: a review of hunting patterns and prey." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 11, pp. 421-430.

Carlson S, Rhodes P, Ferguson M (1986) "Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 44, pp. 798-804.

Campbell TC (1989) "A study on diet, nutrition and disease in the People's Republic of China, Part I." Contemporary Nutrition, vol. 14(5), pp. 1-2.

Campbell TC, Junshi C (1994) "Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1153S-1161S.

Chanarin I (1969) The Megaloblastic Anaemias. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (U.K.), pp. 40-63, 708-714.

Chapman CA, Chapman LJ (1990) "Dietary variability in primate populations." Primates, vol. 31, pp. 121-128.

Chivers DJ, Hladik CM (1980) "Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in primates: comparisons with other mammals in relation to diet." Journal of Morphology, vol. 166, pp. 337-386.

Chivers DJ, Hladik CM (1984) "Diet and gut morphology in primates." In: Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, eds. Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213-230.

Chivers DJ (1992) "Diets and guts." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 60-64.

Chivers DJ, Langer P (1994) "Gut form and function: variations and terminology." In: The Digestive System in Mammals: Food, Form, and Function, Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-8.

Chivers DJ (1998) "Measuring food intake in wild animals: primates." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 57, pp. 321-332.

Clastres P (1972) "The Guayaki." In: Hunters and Gatherers Today, ed. Biccheri M; Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., New York, pp. 138-174.

Cohen BL (1994) "Invited commentary: in defense of ecologic studies for testing a linear-no threshold theory." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 765-768.

Collier GR, Greenberg GR, Wolever TMS, Jenkins DA (1988) "The acute effect of fat on insulin secretion." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 66, pp. 323-326.

Connor WE, Lowensohn R, Hatcher L (1996) "Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy." Lipids, vol.31 (suppl), pp. S-183 to S-187.

Conquer JA, Holub BJ (1996) "Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects." Journal of Nutrition, vol. 126, pp. 3032-3039.

Cooper B, Rosenblatt D (1987) "Inherited defects of vitamin B-12 metabolism." Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 7, pp. 291-320.

Conrad M, Benjamin B, Williams H, Foy A (1967) "Human absorption of hemoglobin-iron." Gastroenterology, vol. 53, pp. 5-10.

Cordain L, Miller J, Mann N (1998) "(letter) Scant evidence of periodic starvation among hunter-gatherers." Diabetologia, vol. 43, pp. 383-384.

Corder, CA (1998) "Communications: longevity and plant foods--attributions compared to associations." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 2, issue 3, pp. 129-132.

Craig W (1994) "Iron status of vegetarians." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1233S-1237S.

Crane MG, Register UD, Lukens RH, Gregory R (1998) "Cobalamin (CBL) studies on two total vegetarian (vegan) families." Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal, vol. 2, issue 3, pp. 87-92.

Cziko G (1995) Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution, MIT Press (Bradford Books), Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Davidson L, Lonnerdahl B (1989) "Fe-saturation and proteolysis of human lactoferrin: effect on brush-border receptor mediated uptake of Fe and Mn." American Journal of Physiology, vol. 257, pp. G931-G934.

de Pee S, West C, Muhlilal D, Hautvast J (1995) "Lack of improvement in vitamin A status with increased consumption of dark-green leafy vegetables." Lancet, vol. 346, pp. 75-81.

de Pee S, West C (1996) "Dietary carotenoids and their role in combating vitamin A deficiency: a review of the literature." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 50(suppl 3), pp. S38-S53.

Deacon T (1992) "Biological aspects of language." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 128-133.

Dinshah H. Jay (1976-1977) "Fruit for thought: should man live by fruit alone?" (a 4-part article series). Ahimsa, Part 1 in vol. 17, no. 2 (Mar./Apr. 1976), pp. 1, 4, 7-8; Part 2 in vol. 17, no. 3 (May/Jun. 1976), pp. 1, 7-8; Part 3 in vol. 17, no. 4 (Jul./Aug., Sept./Oct., Nov./Dec. 1976 combined issue), pp. 1-9, 11-12; Part 4 in vol. 18, no. 1 (Jan./Mar. 1977), pp. 1-3, 5-8.

Dong A, Scott SC (1982) "Serum vitamin B-12 and blood cell values in vegetarians." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 26, pp. 209-216.

Dunn FL (1968) "Epidemiological factors: health and disease in hunter-gatherers." In: Man the Hunter, eds. Lee RB, DeVore I; Aldine Publishing, Chicago, pp. 221-228.

Eaton SB, Konner M (1985) "Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications." New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 312, pp. 283-289.

Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M (1988) "Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective." American Journal of Medicine, vol. 84, pp. 739-749.

Eaton SB, Pike M, et al. (1994) "Women's reproductive cancers in evolutionary context." The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 69, pp. 353-367.

Eaton, S. Boyd; Eaton, Stanley B. III; Konner MJ; Shostak M (1996) "An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements." Journal of Nutrition, vol. 126 (1996), pp. 1732-1740.

Eaton SB, Eaton SB III (1998) "Evolution, diet and health," 14th Int'l Cong of Anthro and Ethno Sciences. Available on Internet at: http://www.cast.uark.edu/local/icaes/conferences/wburg/posters/sboydeaton/eaton.htm.

Eaton SB, Eaton SB III, Sinclair AJ, Cordain L, Mann NJ (1998) "Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the Paleolithic." World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 83, pp. 12-23.

Ember CR (1978) "Myths about hunter-gatherers." Ethnology, vol. 17, pp. 439-448.

Estes JA (1989) "Adaptations for aquatic living by carnivores." In: Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, ed. Gittleman JL; Cornell University Press, pp. 242-282.

FAO (1995) "Nutrition science policy. WHO and FAO joint consultation: fats and oils in human nutrition." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 53, pp. 202-205.

Fallon S, Enig MG (1997) "The Cave Man Diet." Paleodiet e-mail list, May 23, 1997, posting no. 160.

Farquharson J, Cockburn F, Patrick W, Jamieson E, Logan R (1992) "Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet." Lancet, vol. 340, pp. 810-813.

Feder J, et al. (1996) "A novel MHC class l-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis." Nature Genetics, vol. 13, pp. 399-408.

Felsenstein J (1987) "Estimation of hominoid phylogeny from a DNA hybridization data set." Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 26, pp. 132-131.

Foley R (1982) "A reconsideration of the role of predation on large mammals in tropical hunter-gatherer adaptation." Man (The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute), vol. 17, pp. 393-402.

Foley RA, Lee PC (1991) "Ecology and energetics of encephalization in hominid evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 334, pp. 223-232.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1970) Amino-Acid Content of Foods and Biological Data on Proteins.

Fossey D, Harcourt AH (1977) "Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei)." In: Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys, and Apes, ed. Clutton-Brock TH; Academic Press, New York, pp. 415-447.

Freedman D (1988) "From mouse to man: the quantitative assessment of cancer risks." Statistical Science, vol. 3, pp. 3-56.

Freedman D (1999) Ecological Inference and the Ecological Fallacy. Technical Report No. 549, Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley. Available on Internet at: http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/tech-reports/549.abstract (abstract only); or http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~census/549.pdf (full report, PDF, requires Abobe Acrobat Reader); or http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/tech-reports/549.ps.Z (full report, PostScript compressed using Unix compress command; Note: this is not a .zip file).

Freeland-Graves J (1988) "Mineral adequacy of vegetarian diets." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 48, pp. 859-862.

Friberg L, Mottett N (1989) "Accumulation of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in the brain." Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 21, pp. 210-206 (abstract).

Friedman M, Rosenman RH, Byers S (1964) "Serum lipids and conjunctival circulation after fat ingestion in men exhibiting type-A behavior pattern." Circulation, vol. 29, pp. 874-886.

Galdikas BMF, Teleki G (1981) "Variations in subsistence activities of female and male pongids: new perspectives on the origins of hominid labor division." Current Anthropology, vol. 22, pp. 241-256.

Garn SM, Leonard WR (1989) "What did our ancestors eat?" Nutrition Reviews, vol. 47, pp. 337-345.

Garner GW, Knick ST, Douglas DC (1990) "Seasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi Seas." International Conference on Bear Research and Management, vol. 8, pp. 219-226.

Gaull G (1982) "Taurine nutrition in man." In: Taurine in Nutrition and Neurology (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 139), eds. Huxtable R, Pasantes-Morales H; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 89-95.

Gaull G (1986) "Taurine as a conditionally essential nutrient in man." Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 5, pp. 121-125.

Gerster H (1998) "Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?" International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, vol. 68, pp. 159-173.

Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Makrides (1996) "Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on brain composition and neural function in term infants." Lipids, vol. 31 (suppl), pp. S-177 to S-182.

Gittleman, JL (1994) "Are the pandas successful specialists or evolutionary failures?" BioScience, vol. 44, pp. 456-464.

Glendinning J (1994) "Is the bitter rejection response always adaptive?" Physiology and Behavior, vol. 56, pp. 1217-1227.

Goodall J (1986) The Chimpanzees of Gombe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Goodman G (1975) "Protein sequence and immunological specificity: their role in phylogenetic studies of primates." In: Phylogeny of the Primates, eds. Luckett WP, Szalay FS; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 219-248.

Gould S, Lewontin R (1994) "The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme." In: Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, ed. Sober E; MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Note: this is a reprint of an article that was originally published in 1978.

Grasbeck R, Kouvonen I, Lundberg M, Tenhunen R (1979) "An intestinal receptor for heme." Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, vol. 23, pp. 5-9.

Grasbeck R, Majuri R, Kouvonen I, Tenhunen R (1979) "Spectral and other studies on the intestinal haem receptor of the pig." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 700, pp. 137-142.

Greenland S, Robins J (1994a) "Invited commentary: ecologic studies--biases, misconceptions, and counterexamples." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 747-760.

Greenland S, Robins J (1994b) "Accepting the limits of ecologic studies: Drs. Greenland and Robins reply to Drs. Piantadosi and Cohen." American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 139, pp. 769-771.

Groves CP (1986) "Systematics of the great apes." In: Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy, eds. Swindler DR, Erwin J; Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 187-217.

Hamilton III WJ, Busse CD (1978) "Primate carnivory and its significance to human diets." Bioscience, vol. 28, pp. 761-766.

Harcourt AH, Harcourt SA (1984) "Insectivory by gorillas." Folia Primatologica, vol. 43, pp. 229-233.

Harding RSO (1981) "An order of omnivores: nonhuman primate diets in the wild." In: Omnivorous Primates, eds. Harding RSO, Teleki G; Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 191-214.

Hathcock JN, Troendle GJ (1991) "Oral cobalamin for treatment of pernicious anemia? (editorial)." Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 265, pp. 96-97.

Hennigar G, Greene W, Walker E, de Saussure C (1979) "Hemochromatosis caused by excessive vitamin iron intake." American Journal of Pathology, vol. 96, pp. 611-623 (abstract).

Herbert V (1988) "Vitamin B-12: plant sources, requirements, and assay." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 48, pp. 852-858.

Herbert V (1994) "Staging vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) status in vegetarians." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 59(suppl), pp. 1213S-1222S.

Herbert V, Das K (1994) "Folic acid and vitamin B-12." In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, vol. 1, eds. Shils M, Olson J, Shike M; Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 402-425.

Herbert V, Drivas G, Manusselis C, Mackler B, Eng J, Schwartz E (1984) "Are colon bacteria a major source of cobalamin analogues in human tissues?" Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, vol. 97, pp. 161-171.

Heyssel RM, Bozian RC, Darby WJ, Bell MC (1966) "Vitamin B-12 turnover in man." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 18, pp. 176-184.

Hiiemae K (1984) "Functional aspects of jaw morphology." In: Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, eds. Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 257-282.

Hill K, Hawkes K, Hurtado M, Kaplan H (1984) "Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers in eastern Paraguay." Human Ecology, vol. 12, pp. 101-135.

Hill WCO (1958) "Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. Form and position." In: Primatologia III, eds. Hofer H, Schultz AH, Starck D; S. Karger, Basel (Switzerland), pp. 139-207.

Hladik CM, Chivers DJ, Pasquet P (1999) "On diet and gut size in non-human primates and humans: is there a relationship to brain size?" Current Anthropology, vol. 40, pp. 695-697.

Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Birch DG, Uauy RD (1993) "Effects of supplementation with w3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on retinal and cortical development in premature infants." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 57 (suppl), pp. 807S-812S.

Huffman MH (1997) "Current evidence for self-medication in primates: a multidisciplinary perspective." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, vol. 40, pp. 171-200.

Hunt KD (1994) "The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology." Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 26, pp. 183-202.

Hurrell R (1997) "Bioavailability of iron." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 51(suppl 1), pp. S4-S8.

Huxtable R (1992) "Physiological actions of taurine." Physiological Reviews, vol. 72, pp. 101-163.

Immerman, AM (1981) "Vitamin B12 status on a vegetarian diet. A critical review." World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 37, pp. 38-54.

Itzkoff SW (1985) Triumph of the Intelligent, Paideia, Ashfield, Massachusetts.

Jones S (1992) "Natural Selection in Humans." In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284-287.

Junshi C, Campbell TC, Junyao L, Peto R (1990) Diet, Life-style, and Mortality in China, Oxford University Press.

Jumpsen J, Clandinin M (1995) Brain Development: Relationship to Dietary Lipid and Lipid Metabolism, AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois.

Kanazawa S, Herbert V (1982) "Vitamin B-12 analog content in human red cells, liver and brain." Clinical Research, vol. 30, p. 504A.

Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Love JE, et al. (1993) "Dietary alpha-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition, but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans." Lipids, vol. 28, pp. 533-537.

Key T, Fraser G, Thorogood M, Appleby P, et al. (1998) "Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8,300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies." Public Health Nutrition, vol. 1, pp. 33-41.

Knott C (1998) "Orangutans in the wild." National Geographic, vol. 194(2), pp. 30-57.

Kortlandt A (1984) "Habitat richness, foraging range and diet in chimpanzees and some other primates." In: Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, eds. Chivers DJ, Wood BA, Bilsborough A; Plenum Press, New York, pp. 119-160.

Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H, Huffman M (1994) "Use of Vernonia amygdalina by wild chimpanzee: possible roles of its bitter and related constituents." Physiology & Behavior, vol. 56, pp. 1209-1216.

Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Bederov A, Klvanova J (1997) "Plasma fatty acid profile and alternative nutrition." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 41, pp. 365-370.

Kuzminski AM, Del Giacco EJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J (1998) "Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin." Blood, vol. 92, pp. 1191-1198.

GO TO SECOND HALF OF REFERENCE LIST

Return to beginning of article

SEE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR:
PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4 PART 5 PART 6 PART 7 PART 8 PART 9

---

GO TO PART 1 - Brief Overview: What is the Relevance of Comparative Anatomical and Physiological "Proofs"?

GO TO PART 2 - Looking at Ape Diets: Myths, Realities, and Rationalizations

GO TO PART 3 - The Fossil-Record Evidence about Human Diet

GO TO PART 4 - Intelligence, Evolution of the Human Brain, and Diet

GO TO PART 5 - Limitations on Comparative Dietary Proofs

GO TO PART 6 - What Comparative Anatomy Does and Doesn't Tell Us about Human Diet

GO TO PART 7 - Insights about Human Nutrition & Digestion from Comparative Physiology

GO TO PART 8 - Further Issues in the Debate over Omnivorous vs. Vegetarian Diets

GO TO PART 9 - Conclusions: The End, or The Beginning of a New Approach to Your Diet?

Back to Research-Based Appraisals of Alternative Diet Lore